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- 1From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7) Peer-ReviewedBackground In eukaryotes, the CMG (CDC45, MCM, GINS) complex containing the replicative helicase MCM is a key player in DNA replication. Archaeal homologs of the eukaryotic MCM and GINS proteins have been identified...
- 2From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground CRISPR/Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associated sequences) is a recently discovered prokaryotic defense system against foreign DNA, including viruses and plasmids....
- 3From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground The RNA world concept has wide, though certainly not unanimous, support within the origin-of-life scientific community. One view is that life may have emerged as early as the Hadean Eon 4.3-3.8 billion...
- 4From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant type of genetic variation in eukaryotic genomes and have recently become the marker of choice in a wide variety of ecological and evolutionary...
- 5From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground mtRF1 is a vertebrate mitochondrial protein with an unknown function that arose from a duplication of the mitochondrial release factor mtRF1a. To elucidate the function of mtRF1, we determined the...
- 6From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7) Peer-ReviewedBackground Injuries to articular cartilage result in the development of lesions that form on the surface of the cartilage. Such lesions are associated with articular cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis. The...
- 7From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedIt has been recently discovered that transposable elements show high activity in the brain of mammals, however, the magnitude of their influence on its functioning is unclear so far. In this paper, I use flux balance...
- 8From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground The overwhelming majority of animal species exhibit bilateral symmetry. However, the precise evolutionary importance of bilateral symmetry is unknown, although elements of the understanding of the...
- 9From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Viruses are known to be the most abundant organisms on earth, yet little is known about their collective origin and evolutionary history. With exceptionally high rates of genetic mutation and mosaicism, it...
- 10From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedEthanolamine is used as an energy source by phylogenetically diverse bacteria including pathogens, by the concerted action of proteins from the eut-operon. Previous studies have revealed the presence of eutBC genes...
- 11From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedClusters of localized hypermutation in human breast cancer genomes, named "kataegis" (from the Greek for thunderstorm), are hypothesized to result from multiple cytosine deaminations catalyzed by AID/APOBEC proteins....
- 12From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground The availability of over 3000 published genome sequences has enabled the use of comparative genomic approaches to drive the biological function discovery process. Classically, one used to link gene with...
- 13From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedConstructive neutral evolution (CNE) suggests that neutral evolution may follow a stepwise path to extravagance. Whether or not CNE is common, the mere possibility raises provocative questions about causation: in...
- 14From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7) Peer-ReviewedBackground Evolution at a protein site can be characterized from two different perspectives, by its rate and by the breadth of the set of acceptable amino acids. Results There is a weak positive correlation...
- 15From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Mammalian genomes are repositories of repetitive DNA sequences derived from transposable elements (TEs). Typically, TEs generate multiple, mostly inactive copies of themselves, commonly known as repetitive...
- 16From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground The availability of sequencing technology has enabled understanding of transcriptomes through genome-wide approaches including RNA-sequencing. Contrary to the previous assumption that large tracts of the...
- 17From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Body weight is at least partly controlled by the choices made by a human in response to external stimuli. Changes in body weight are mainly caused by energy intake. By analyzing the mechanisms involved in...
- 18From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedEvolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes has been a matter of long-standing, intensive debate. The introns-early concept, later rebranded 'introns first' held that protein-coding genes were interrupted by...
- 19From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedThe problems associated with the RNA world hypothesis are well known. In the following I discuss some of these difficulties, some of the alternative hypotheses that have been proposed, and some of the problems with...
- 20From: Biology Direct. (Vol. 7, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Proteinaceous toxins are observed across all levels of inter-organismal and intra-genomic conflicts. These include recently discovered prokaryotic polymorphic toxin systems implicated in intra-specific...