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- 1From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Kirsty Minton Being joined by a baby brother or sister before the age of 6 years can reduce your risk of developing the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis by up to 88%, according to a study in...
- 2From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedThe survival of a species, be it human or virus, depends largely on its ability to evolve in the face of environmental and pathogenic insults. Numerous factors affect the ability of a species to survive. For humans, as...
- 3From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Barbara Rehermann (corresponding author) [1]; Michelina Nascimbeni [1] Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are the most common causes of liver disease worldwide. Both viruses can...
- 4From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Pawel Kalinski (corresponding author) [1]; Muriel Moser [2] Distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells preferentially support cell-mediated (type 1) versus humoral (type 2) immunity [1]. Type 1 T helper (TH 1) cells...
- 5From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Ronald Glaser (corresponding author) [1]; Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser [2] The central nervous system (CNS), the endocrine system and the immune system are complex systems that interact with each other. Various...
- 6From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAutoimmunity TLR ligands are not sufficient to break cross-tolerance to self-antigens . Hamilton-Williams, E. E. et al . J. Immunol. 174, 1159-1163 (2005). The presence of autoreactive T cells in individuals...
- 7From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Karen Honey Presentation of exogenous antigen in the context of MHC class I molecules -- cross-presentation -- can result in CD8+ T-cell priming (cross-priming) or CD8+ T-cell tolerance (cross-tolerance)....
- 8From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Lucy Bird T-cell survival in the presence of the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin depends on PIM kinases, as described in a recent report in The Journal of Experimental Medicine . PIM kinases are known to...
- 9From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedPlasma cells are the terminally differentiated, non-dividing effector cells of the B-cell lineage. They are cellular factories devoted to the task of synthesizing and secreting thousands of molecules of clonospecific...
- 10From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedMHC class I molecules are ligands for the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), which are expressed by natural killer cells and T cells. The interactions between these molecules contribute to both innate and...
- 11From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-Reviewed[illus. 1] [circf]Epidemic cycling and immunity. Grenfell, B. & Bjørnstad, O. Nature 27 January (2005). This News and Views article discusses a recent study showing that the ability of individuals to develop...
- 12From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedProgrammed cell death -- also known as apoptosis -- has a crucial role in the immune system of mammals and other animals. It removes useless cells and potentially dangerous cells, including lymphocytes, and is involved...
- 13From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Lucy Bird Crystal structures of HLA-B27 complexed with three immunodominant viral peptides, reported by Paul Bowness and colleagues, might shed light on the association of this MHC class I allele with...
- 14From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Karen Honey Leukocyte trafficking from blood vessels to tissues -- a multistep process known as extravasation -- is essential for both immune homeostasis and immune responses. Many of the adhesion...
- 15From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Lucy Bird Previous studies of protection from inflammatory bowel disease (or colitis), which is characterized by dysregulated mucosal CD4+ T-cell activity to commensal gut flora, have largely focused on a...
- 16From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Elaine Bell The intestine is a specialized environment in which immune cells must defend the body against pathogens while ignoring beneficial commensal bacteria. Specialized epithelial cells known as...
- 17From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedMacrophages Dynamic changes in Mcl-1 expression regulate macrophage viability or commitment to apoptosis during bacterial clearance . Marriott, H. M. et al . J. Clin. Invest. 115, 359-368 (2005). On bacterial...
- 18From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Kirsty Minton The balance between activating and inhibitory signals that are delivered to immune cells sets the threshold for determining whether a response is mounted against a particular antigen and...
- 19From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Kirsty Minton Members of the APOBEC protein family all contain consensus cytidine-deaminase motifs, some of which have been shown to catalyse the deamination of cytidine to uridine in DNA or RNA....
- 20From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 5, Issue 3) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Karen Honey Haematopoietic homeostasis depends on a balance between haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation. Defining the signals that regulate these processes is an area of intense...