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- 1From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Bruce Beutler [1] And for that matter, where does all immunity begin, including autoimmunity? Is there a 'first cause' of such complex phenomena? A molecular spark that lights the fire? The answer is much...
- 2From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedInnate immunity is the first line of defence against pathogens and is initiated rapidly on recognition of microbial products. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-characterized family of receptors that are responsible...
- 3From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Bruno Lemaitre [1] Given their relatively short lifespans, it is not obvious that insects have, or even require, a powerful immune system for fighting microbial pathogens. Nevertheless, insects are highly...
- 4From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Lucy Bird It's an annual occurrence for some dieters: slim down for the beach in the summer months only to put the weight back on with the return of winter woollies. However, new research from the Fred...
- 5From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Shizuo Akira (corresponding author) [1]; Kiyoshi Takeda [2] All living organisms are exposed constantly to microorganisms that are present in the environment and need to cope with invasion of these organisms...
- 6From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Miriam H. Labbok (corresponding author) [1]; David Clark [1]; Armond S. Goldman [2] Of the more than 10 million children who die each year in the developing world, about 60% of these deaths are preventable....
- 7From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Jayanta Chaudhuri [1]; Frederick W. Alt (corresponding author) [1] The great diversity of antigen receptors that is produced by the mammalian immune system depends on the unique ability of B and T cells to...
- 8From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Kirsty Minton This study identifies a new form of tolerance in which CD8+ T cells interact with high affinity with their MHC class-I-restricted epitope on dendritic cells (DCs) but fail to proliferate....
- 9From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedProteins that recognize the components and products of microorganisms have an important role in innate immunity. Here, I focus on recent advances in our understanding of the function of several such protein families. In...
- 10From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Lucy Bird The phagocytosis of microbial pathogens by cells of the innate immune system (such as macrophages) usually results in the induction of inflammatory responses, whereas the engulfment of apoptotic...
- 11From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedDuring thymocyte development, immature thymocytes that express both CD4 and CD8 genes must choose either a helper CD4[sup.+] or cytotoxic CD8[sup.+] T-cell fate. Over the past two years, there have been some important...
- 12From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-Reviewed[illus. 1] [circf]Making peptides for presentation. The July issue of Nature Immunology has a special focus on the mechanisms of antigen processing and presentation, including the following articles: Generation of...
- 13From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Karen Honey B cell exposure to antigen drives diversification of the antibody repertoire through class-switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Although the molecular mechanisms of CSR...
- 14From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Kirsty Minton Two new papers in Science this month have shed light on the mechanism of cross-priming, by indicating the types of antigen that are favoured by this process. Both groups suggest that this has...
- 15From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedThe past decade has brought great strides in our understanding of adaptive immunity in neonatal mice. Although poor immune responses are commonly observed, it is now clear that mature function can be achieved by all...
- 16From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Karen Honey Peptide fragments presented in the context of MHC class II molecules are the typical antigens recognized by CD4+ T cells that express [alpha][beta]-T-cell receptors. However, a paper published...
- 17From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Elaine Bell According to a new study reported in Cell , the development of T helper 2 (TH 2) cells is not just a default pathway that occurs in the absence of T H 1-cell-inducing signals but is an...
- 18From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Kirsty Minton New research published in The Journal of Immunology shows that antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are not always required to link innate immune signals through Toll-like...
- 19From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedInnate Immunity Antagonistic antibody prevents Toll-like receptor 2-driven lethal shock-like syndromes . Meng, G. et al . J. Clin. Invest. 113, 1473-1481 (2004). Infection with Gram-positive bacteria, such as...
- 20From: Nature Reviews Immunology. (Vol. 4, Issue 7) Peer-ReviewedAuthor(s): Karen Honey Although it is clear that the response of Drosophila to Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by the Immune-deficiency (IMD) pathway, the identity of the microbial components that initiate...