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- 1From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedThe categorization of individuals as "male" or "female" is based on chromosome complement and gonadal and genital phenotype. This combined genetic-gonadal-genitals sex, here referred to as 3G-sex, is internally...
- 2From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Infectious diseases and inflammation during pregnancy increase the offspring's risk for behavioral disorders. However, how immune stress affects neural circuitry during development is not well known. We...
- 3From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedImprovements in neuroimaging technologies, and greater access to their use, have generated a plethora of data regarding male/female differences in the developing brain. Examination of these differences may shed light on...
- 4From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground It remains unclear whether the increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with obesity differs by gender, distribution of fat, tumour location and clinical (TNM) stage. The primary aim of this...
- 5From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedSexual differentiation of the nervous system occurs via the interplay of genetics, endocrinology and social experience through development. Much of the research into mechanisms of sexual differentiation has been driven...
- 6From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedThe occurrence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) increases with age and is more common in women compared with men, especially after the age of 50 years. Recent work suggests that contact stress in the knee cartilage is a...
- 7From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedWomen have more body fat than men, but in contrast to the deleterious metabolic consequences of the central obesity typical of men, the pear-shaped body fat distribution of many women is associated with lower...
- 8From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Although there appear to be no differences in muscle protein turnover in young and middle aged men and women, we have reported significant differences in the rate of muscle protein synthesis between older...
- 9From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Because cerebral cortex has a very large number of testosterone receptors, we examined the possible sex differences in color appearance of monochromatic lights across the visible spectrum. There is a...
- 10From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBiologic sex and gonadal hormones matter in human aging and diseases of aging such as Alzheimer's - and the importance of studying their influences relates directly to human health. The goal of this article is to review...
- 11From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedMales and females differ widely in morphology, physiology, and behavior leading to disparities in many health outcomes, including sex biases in the prevalence of many neurodevelopmental disorders. However, with the...
- 12From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedIn this review we propose that there are sex differences in how men and women enter onto the path that can lead to addiction. Males are more likely than females to engage in risky behaviors that include experimenting...
- 13From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induces myocarditis, an inflammatory heart disease, which affects men more than women. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling has been shown to determine the severity of CVB3-induced...
- 14From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedPeople with osteoarthritis (OA) can have significant pain that interferes with function and quality of life. Women with knee OA have greater pain and greater reductions in function and quality of life than men. In many...
- 15From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Malignant melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer. Female sex is known to have a protective effect on incidence, tumour characteristics, and mortality from melanoma. However, the potentially...
- 16From: Biology of Sex Differences. (Vol. 3, Issue 1) Peer-ReviewedBackground Low endogenous testosterone levels have been shown to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular benefits associated with testosterone replacement therapy are being...